24 February 2022 to 16 October 2026
Every barrel has a buyer.
Who has paid Russia for its oil, gas and coal since the full-scale invasion of Ukraine, country by country, month by month.
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All buyers
what was boughtWho ships it
Russia's seaborne oil exportsG7+ tankers are owned or insured in the G7, the EU and other price cap coalition countries; "shadow" tankers are all others. Covers all of Russia's seaborne oil exports, whichever country buys them. The white line on the timeline is the G7+ share of crude.
Paid to Russia, given to Ukraine
These measure different things. Aid figures are commitments by governments, as tracked by the Kiel Institute, with equipment valued at market prices; payments are CREA's estimates of what buyers paid for Russian fuel. They are shown side by side for scale, not as a balance sheet. Aid through EU institutions (€190bn committed) is not assigned to member states. Kiel counts aid from 24 January 2022.
Biggest buyers
Each line runs from Russia to a country paying for its fossil fuels; the thicker the line, the more money that month. Watch Europe's lines thin after 2022 while others thicken. Press play, tap a country, or zoom into Europe.
Data: Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA), Russia Fossil Tracker, retrieved 16 October 2026. Values are CREA's estimates in euros, built from ship tracking (Kpler), official pipeline flows and a price model; they are revised as data firms up and can differ from CREA's monthly reports. A buyer is the country where the fuel was delivered: fuel refined elsewhere from Russian crude counts under the refining country. "Crude" includes crude by pipeline; "Pipeline gas" excludes LNG. February 2022 starts on the 24th; the latest month is partial. Sanctions milestones: EU Council, White House and the sources linked in each caption. Shipping: CREA, departures by tanker ownership and insurance. Aid: Kiel Institute for the World Economy, Ukraine Support Tracker, Release 31 (24 January 2022 to 31 August 2026), archived copy of 9 October 2026. Map: Natural Earth.